F-Gas English Low GWP
All questions
HFC | Flammable | CO₂ | NH₃
Easy questions |
Medium questions |
Difficult questions
1
Medium
Why is ammonia (R717) classed as a toxic refrigerant?
| Because it is heavier than air and displaces oxygen |
| It severely irritates the respiratory tract, eyes and skin, and is poisonous when inhaled at higher concentrations |
| Because it does not react with water, making neutralisation difficult |
| Because it is colourless and odourless and therefore hard to detect |
2
Difficult
What is the main difference between a dry-expansion and a flooded evaporator?
| A dry-expansion evaporator is filled with liquid, a flooded one with vapour |
| A dry-expansion evaporator needs no expansion valve, a flooded one does |
| In a dry-expansion evaporator the refrigerant completely evaporates and is superheated in the evaporator; in a flooded one part of the refrigerant remains liquid (incomplete evaporation, no superheat) |
| A dry-expansion evaporator always has a lower pressure than a flooded one |
3
Difficult
What is the typical pressure in the evaporator of an R717 deep-freeze system (below −40 °C)?
| Below atmospheric (approx. 0.7 bar abs at −40 °C) |
| Positive pressure of 10–20 bar |
| Atmospheric pressure, approx. 1 bar abs |
| Positive pressure of 5–10 bar |
4
Easy
What is the basic requirement when charging a system with R717 (NH₃)?
| Charging can be carried out without personal protective equipment |
| Charging should take place in a well-ventilated area using appropriate personal protective equipment |
| Charging must only take place at temperatures below 0°C |
| NH₃ can be charged together with air |
5
Difficult
How is oil managed in R717 systems?
| Oil can be mixed with any refrigerant |
| Oil requires no monitoring |
| Oil collecting at the lowest points of vessels is regularly checked and drained, because it impairs heat transfer |
| Oil has no effect on system operation |
6
Easy
What is the correct procedure for recovering R717 from a system?
| The refrigerant can be drained into the sewer system |
| Recovery is not required |
| The refrigerant must be recovered into suitable, leak-proof tanks designed for NH₃ |
| The gas can be released into the atmosphere |
7
Easy
How should R717 (NH₃) be stored?
| In any open containers |
| In sealed, labelled containers, in a cool and well-ventilated place |
| Near heat sources |
| In unmarked plastic containers |
8
Difficult
What should be done with contaminated R717?
| Continue to use it without restriction |
| Release it into the atmosphere |
| Dilute it with water and reuse it |
| Purify it or send it for disposal in accordance with regulations |
9
Easy
What is the main hazard associated with an R717 leak during maintenance work?
| Toxic to humans and may cause chemical burns |
| Damage to electrical equipment only |
| Increased cooling efficiency |
| No risk whatsoever |
10
Difficult
What should be done if an NH₃ leak is detected?
| Evacuate people immediately and raise the alarm; stop the leak only if it is safe to do so and with suitable PPE (respiratory protection) |
| Increase the pressure in the system |
| Carry on working wearing a dust mask |
| Carry on working with the room door open |
11
Difficult
What role do scrubbers play in NH₃ systems?
| They are used to measure temperature |
| They increase the pressure in the system |
| Neutralise ammonia through absorption in a liquid (e.g. water) |
| They store the refrigerant |
12
Difficult
How should the system be prepared before filling with R717?
| Check for leaks, remove air and moisture, and create a vacuum |
| There is no need to check it |
| Simply start it up |
| The pressure must be increased above the standard level |
13
Difficult
What are the transport requirements for R717?
| It must be carried in suitable, labelled packagings in accordance with ADR (UN 1005, class 2, code 2TC) |
| It can be carried without labelling |
| It can be carried in open containers |
| Transport is not regulated |
14
Easy
What personal protective equipment is required when working with NH₃?
| Workwear only |
| Safety goggles, gloves and respiratory protective equipment |
| No requirements |
| Only a safety helmet |
15
Difficult
Which statement best describes the behaviour of R717 and mineral compressor oil?
| An oil return line cannot be used in R717 systems because the oil is too hot |
| R717 does not mix with the oil; the oil collects on the high-pressure side above the R717 |
| R717 does not mix with the oil; the oil, being heavier than liquid NH₃, collects beneath it at the lowest points (mainly on the low-pressure side) |
| R717 mixes very well with the oil, which easily returns to the compressor |
16
Difficult
Which refrigerant can be detected with phenolphthalein paper?
| R1270 |
| R717 |
| R744 |
| R1234ze(E) |
17
Difficult
Which system may require manual oil recovery?
| R744 cascade system |
| Secondary system using R744 |
| Supercritical ‘booster’ system using R744 |
| An R717 system |
18
Difficult
Which refrigerant is lighter than air?
| R744 |
| R1234ze(E) |
| R717 |
| R1270 |
19
Difficult
R717 is highly corrosive to:
| stainless steel |
| copper (and its alloys) |
| aluminium |
| titanium |
20
Difficult
What is the recommended pre-alarm level for fixed leak detection systems for R717?
| 500 ppm |
| 500,000 ppm |
| 5,000 ppm |
| 50,000 ppm |
21
Difficult
Why are compressors with a separate motor (open type) mostly used in R717 systems?
| Because NH₃ attacks copper motor windings, so hermetic compressors with conventional windings are not used |
| To increase the refrigerant charge |
| To lower the condensing pressure |
| Because they are cheaper |
22
Difficult
Which type of compressor is most commonly used in large ammonia systems?
| Rotary vane compressor |
| Diaphragm compressor |
| A reciprocating or screw compressor |
| Hermetic scroll |
23
Difficult
How is the capacity of a piston compressor regulated in NH₃ systems?
| By increasing the condensing pressure |
| Solely by adjusting the oil volume |
| By unloading the cylinders or changing the rotational speed |
| By reducing the refrigerant charge |
24
Difficult
How is the capacity of a screw compressor most commonly controlled?
| By using a slide valve |
| By adjusting the oil level |
| By closing the suction valve |
| By changing the type of oil |
25
Difficult
When is two-stage compression used in NH₃ systems?
| Only with water-cooled condensers |
| Only in small systems |
| At small temperature differences |
| At low evaporating temperatures (pressures) and high pressure ratios |
26
Difficult
What is the advantage of two-stage compression over single-stage compression?
| Higher efficiency and lower discharge temperature |
| Higher energy consumption |
| No need for a separator |
| Lower efficiency |
27
Difficult
How does an evaporative condenser used in NH₃ systems work?
| It transfers heat only to the air |
| Operates without a fan |
| It utilises the evaporation of water to increase cooling efficiency |
| It does not require a water supply |
28
Difficult
What is the function of the liquid separator in an NH₃ system?
| It prevents liquid from entering the compressor |
| Regulates the condensing pressure |
| It separates oil from the refrigerant |
| Increases the discharge temperature |
29
Difficult
What is the purpose of monitoring the liquid level in the separator?
| To reduce the condensing temperature |
| To control the condenser fan |
| To increase the oil volume |
| To maintain the correct refrigerant level and prevent the compressor from flooding |
30
Difficult
What is the role of the float switch in NH₃ systems?
| It is used to detect leaks |
| It monitors the liquid level in the tank or separator |
| It controls the fan’s operation |
| It regulates the condensation temperature |
31
Difficult
What is a thermosyphon in NH₃ systems?
| A type of safety valve |
| An oil circulation pump |
| A defrosting device |
| A system with gravity-driven (natural) circulation of liquid refrigerant caused by density differences, used e.g. for screw compressor oil cooling |
32
Difficult
Why are oils that are immiscible with the refrigerant used in NH₃ systems?
| To reduce the pressure |
| Because the oil mixes only with water |
| To increase the amount of refrigerant |
| Because NH₃ does not mix with most compressor oils |
33
Difficult
What is the main function of an oil separator in NH₃ systems?
| To increase fan efficiency |
| Removing moisture from the system |
| To lower the condensation temperature |
| To separate the oil from the refrigerant and return the oil to the compressor |
34
Difficult
In which NH₃ system does the refrigerant evaporate completely with superheat in the evaporator, fed by an expansion valve?
| A glycol system |
| An indirect system |
| A direct-expansion (DX) system |
| A pumped liquid-recirculation system |
35
Difficult
What is the characteristic feature of a flooded evaporator system?
| No separator is used |
| The evaporator is filled exclusively with vapour |
| The evaporator contains a large amount of liquid, which improves heat transfer |
| No level control is required |
36
Difficult
What is the main difference between a direct and an indirect system?
| In an indirect system, NH₃ flows directly into the space being cooled |
| In a direct system, there is no evaporator |
| In an indirect system, NH₃ cools an intermediate medium (e.g. glycol), which in turn cools the load |
| In an indirect system, no compressor is used |
37
Medium
Which property of ammonia helps people detect a leak early?
| It is odourless |
| It is yellow in air |
| It is denser than air |
| A very low odour threshold (a few ppm) |